This paper considers educational and school etymological analysis (etymological parsing) as a type of Russian language exercises. The objective that was set and achieved involved developing a typology (a classification) of etymological exercises corresponding to the main subject competences. Based on the ‘presence/absence of reference supports’ ctiterion, we classify etymological exercises into those performed a) with and b) without reference supports, i. e. from memory and intuition. Known and new etymological exercises are divided into three types, namely speech, language, and complex. Speech (textual) tasks split into two types: perception and reproduction of ready-made etymological messages and preparation of new etymological messages using one or several reference supports. Language exercises include classical and game-based vocabulary exercises with partial etymological analysis. Complex exercises are treated as a complete structural analysis (morphemic, derivational) with an etymological follow-up. The essence of the etymological tasks is revealed through typical didactic material, assignments, and sample works. The taxonomic and entity description of etymological exercises creates prerequisites for their continuous and sys- tematic use in teaching Russian in all comprehensive school forms.

The second part of the paper considers the norms of using various lexical and grammatical categories of pronouns. Additionally, the research reveals their significance in promoting school students’ speech culture. Sixth-form students learn to differentiate between lexical-semantic and grammatical norms, use pronouns correctly in sentences as well as in texts, and examine them with the help of linguistic analysis and generalisation. This approach to learning pronouns encourages schoolchildren to evaluate speech in terms of correctness, to detect speech errors and correct them. The presented methodology for studying pronouns helps to engage schoolchildren in unsupervised research activity when proofreading texts with the aid of algorithms. It also increases the cognitive activity level in the classroom and forms speech culture. 

The paper explores the most significant aspects of K. D. Ushinsky’s biography and pedagogical legacy relevant to the modern practice of liberal education. The biographical information about the famous teacher we provide testifies to the special influence of his family, gymnasium teachers, famous university professors on the formation of K. D. Ushinsky’s views and activities. Moreover, the paper also gives important biographic facts which describe the founder of scientific pedagogy as a talented novice teacher at the Demidov Lyceum in Yaroslavl, where he won students’ genuine love and devotion. We analyse and comment on the outstanding educator’s main ideas related to the issues of native language teaching based on the principles of nationality (narodnost). In addition, drawing on Ushinsky’s wellknown works, we discuss the problems of creating universal schoolbooks for teaching the native language and speech and the basic requirements for the selection of didactic material for language courses with compulsory upbringing and developing potential. We focus attention on the critical issues of the anthropological and humanistic tradition in studying language and speech, the objectives of special comprehensive teacher training as well as the formation of teachers’ responsibility towards schoolchildren in education and upbringing.

The article considers the semantic opposition "vat"/"chalice", which has a strongly pronounced leitmotif character and is one of the constructive elements in the formation of the author’s meta- and supertext. Drawing on the material of M. M. Prishvin’s artistic, journalistic, documental and diary legacy, I reveal the motif-figurative universals, archetypes, constants which have significant mytho-suggestive potential. The paper aims to present a wide range of semantic connotations and formal and content variations of the "Chalice" and "Vat" concepts in M. M. Prishvin’s writings. Another objective is to establish the systemic relations between these concepts at different levels of text and meaning generation focusing on both syntagmatic and paradigmatic aspects. To achieve this goal, I employed structural-semantic, cognitive-functional, and historical-genetic methods of studying a literary text in the axiological paradigm of mo dern philology. The socio-cultural, religious-philosophical, and historical-literary context is involved in the analysis of the "chalice" and "vat" semantic images (eidos) to compare and contrast them. It actualises the semantic layers that make it possible to reconstruct M. M. Prishvin’s picture of the world and, more broadly, the author’s consciousness. The latter reflects not only the artist’s individual experience of cognising the micro- and macrocosm, but also the spiritual and world-view quest of the Russian intelligentsia that endured a series of terrible ordeals in the 20th century. Russian intellectuals immersed in the "vat" of passions and drank the chalice of suffering and atoning for sins.

Based on a linguo-stylistic analysis of the story "Crane Homeland", the article attempts to reveal M. M. Prishvin’s concept of creative mastery origins. The research aims to examine those linguistic means of the writer’s "failed novel" which enabled M. M. Prishvin to unlock the "secrets" of creativity in man and in nature. To achieve this goal, I used lexical and word-formation analysis, comparative, and integrative methods. Additionally, contextual semantic analysis made it possible to identify the transformations of the meaning of individual linguistic units and reveal the philosophical component of this work of fiction in its entirety. The paper explores various linguo-stylistic devices which allowed the writer to reveal the essence of creativity. These include devices of comparison and contrast, repetition, si mile, semantic widening, playing with set phrases, polynomination, and others. The characterisation of the Claudophora algae nomination series permits establishing the intertextual connections of the work as well as determining the symbolic meaning of the text components. The paper concludes that M. M. Prishvin saw two sides of the creative process, namely the technical and the divine. One can learn the former and become a belletrist. The latter defies explanation and is a revelation from Heaven (a book... falls from the heavens).

The linguopoetic analysis of A. I. Odoevsky’s poem "Where are you dashing... " characterises the linguistic markers of the Caucasian and Siberian topos (locus amoenus/local) texts. To achieve this objective, the study employs comparative, intertextual, and cultural analysis based on a componential analysis of vocabulary. The article aims to study the means of verbalisation of the "Caucasian" and "Siberian" topos texts in A. I. Odoevsky’s poem "Where are you dashing…". Observation of the poetic text makes it possible to conclude that though it contains no toponymic markers indicating its belonging to the locus amoenus text corpus, the poem clearly shows other characteristic features of such texts. First, it is the cumulative function which forms the basis of concepts with local semantics. The next is semantic and figu- rative convergence of the linguistic concepts "North" and "South". One more characteristic feature is the presence of diverse intertextual connections and the use of symbols and archetypes. 

The article considers non-agreeing attributes in an oblique case modifying a noun that names a person (i. e. a person noun), an object, or space as well as their semantics, textual functions, and the problem of detachment. The aim is to show the dependence of the detachment problem on the text functions fulfilled by a non-agreeing attribute. As a rule, it is non-detached attributes which serve as a means of expressing the semantic category of definiteness. The category of definiteness/indefiniteness manifests itself as a textual category in this part of the language system. A non-agreeing attribute referring to a person is more often used when introducing new characters or a new view of them. Such text fragments are reproductive; they are usually organised by the observer’s point of view. A non-agreeing attribute can join a sequence of other attributes which it is connected with through different relationships such as clarifying, cause-effect, extending, and others. The problem of the number of attributes modifying a noun referring to a person is associated with the viewpoint issue, i. e. different extent of the observer’s interest in the depicted character. The important/unimportant (random) depicted character criterion turns out to be significant for describing non-agreeing attributes. Object and spatial nouns also function as indefinite in the context of non-agreeing attributes. Attributes modifying them name significant features of the object and convey the idea of definiteness.

Plant names (phytonyms) are associated with the symbolisation of mankind’s achievements in cognitive studies. The primary function of these lexical units is referential. However, many of them contain additional semantic characteristics in addition to the main (referential) meaning. They perform expressive and cumulative cultural functions reflecting the specific mentality of a particular nation. Some phytonyms have strong national cultural connotations and deserve special attention. For example, one such word is the lexeme nettle. The paper aims to reveal the cultural connotations of this lexical unit. We consider the word nettle as a unit of the Russian lexicon and an object traditionally used in the Russian people’s customs as well as a characteristic element of the Russian oral tradition. The analysis enables us to conclude that the word nettle in Russian has a neutral referential "botanical" meaning, but at the same time it contains extremely negative national cultural connotations. These are most actively manifested in phraseology and folklore texts. 

The paper examines the lexicographic legacy left by Professor B. A. Larin (1893–1964). It also points out the direct correlation between Larin’s ideas and the controversial issues and moot points in modern lexicography. 

I provide a brief review of B. A. Larin’s biography and his philological interests. The conclusion underscores the significance of the lexicographic ideas in the linguist’s works as well as the versatility of his scientific interests. At the same time, they are united by such cross-cutting leitmotifs as a broad historical perspective, studying colloquial speech in its various manifestations, attention to semantics. B. A. Larin’s ideas that were far ahead of their time are identified as a result of comparing the concepts he developed and the directions of modern lexicography evolution. For example, one such idea is a complete dictionary. It directly correlates with the currently relevant project of a complex (universal) dictionary. Moreover, Larin raised the issues of combining linguistic and encyclopaedic information in a historical dictionary as well as of scientific illustration of historical dictionary entries, which are still unresolved. The ideas of bilingual author lexicography, onomastic author lexicography, and historical phraseology proposed by Larin have hardly been implemented yet. The paper emphasises that B. A. Larin is one of the founders of Russian historical lexicography. Also, he created such a type of historical dictionary as the thesaurus of one written monument and became the father of Russian sociolinguistics and comparative phraseology. He formulated principles for describing various aspects of vocabulary, proposed a number of innovative lexicographic projects, thus anticipating many modern lexicographic theories and developments.

The contribution of B. A. Larin to the formation of a new lexicographic tradition in Russian science associated with the study of bilingual lexicons of the epoch of Moscovite Rus’ is analyzed. The events from the history of Soviet philology of the 1930s–1940s are commented on. The name of B. A. Larin is introduced into the context of contradictory phenomena in the public life of the country and the struggle against “cosmopolitans”. Attention is drawn to the originality of the scientist’s approach to the formulation and solution of the problem of understanding and introducing into research practice unique textual monuments compiled by foreigners. B. A. Larin’s painstaking work on deciphering and linguistic commenting of dictionary texts is noted. It is emphasized that for the first time in the philological tradition, Russian-foreign phrasebooks and dictionaries have become the object of attention of scientists as a linguistic and cultural phenomenon, which made it possible to give objective information about the features of everyday speech of different social strata of the population of Moscovite Rus’ in the 16th and 17th centuries. It is said about the prospects of this direction and subsequent developments in the study of dictionary bilingualism in domestic and foreign science. The role of the Larin school in the continuation of the historical and linguistic traditions of I. I. Sreznevsky, A. A. Shakhmatov, L. V. Shcherba is highlighted. The papers concludes on the originality of B. A. Larin’s ideas and their scientific value in modern lexicographic theory and practice.