The article is relevant since it is necessary to systematise and generalise knowledge about the phonetic aspect of speech. Such knowledge is in demand in the OGE (Basic State Exam) in Russian when school students write summaries in year nine. Moreover, it is important for orthographic analysis of words as well as for Russian language teaching in general. The paper aims to formulate the conditions for organising such work in years 8–9 and to propose teaching techniques and tools for their implementation. The methods used included comparison, generalisation, modelling, and theoretical analysis of specialised literature on this subject. The article identifies and provides a convincing rationale for the conditions under which the phonetic aspect of speech should be worked on in years 8–9. The conditions are as follows: enlarging the speech segment to observe the phonetic aspect of speech; using samples of spoken speech in combination with written texts; taking into account the addressee and the addresser of oral speech; organising a comprehensive approach to the phonetic unit; including problem-based assignments at the stage of phonetic knowledge systematisation. A radio play serves as an auditory polycode text that can be used in lessons on systematisation and gener alisation of phonetic knowledge. This article presents three lesson plans built on the conditions proposed for phonetic knowledge generalisation in years 8–9. According to the author, phonetic material should be included in the knowledge consolidation unit. Moreover, it ought to be considered when studying topics not related to phonetics.

This article examines the history of children’s speech studies at the Department of Children’s Speech at the Herzen State Pedagogical University of the Russian Federation and the role of S. N. Tseitlin (1938–2026) in the development of Russian ontolinguistics: the creation of the Children’s Speech Data Collection, the development of research topics, and the formation of a scientific school. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that, although the term ontolinguistics has become firmly established in scientific discourse – both oral and written – the terminology ontolinguistic approach is rarely used in scientific works. However, the significance of this approach, based on implicit learning theory, in speech diagnostics and linguodidactic support for monolinguals, bilinguals, and children with speech impairments is extremely significant. The purpose of this work is to popularize the scientific legacy of S. N. Tseitlin and describe the specifics of the ontolinguistic approach to the diagnosis, development, and correction of children’s speech. This article ana lyzes the relationship between the terms ontogenetic principle, ontolinguistic aspect, and ontolinguistic approach. It demonstrates the inadvisability of equating the speech therapy and psychological term ontogenetic principle with the psycholinguistic term ontolinguistic approach. The speech therapy approach is broader: it considers not only the ontogenesis of speech but also general mental development. Although speech correction technology is based on a description of speech formation during ontogenesis, speech therapists’ knowledge of the process of speech development is often limited and often relies on other people’s research. The ontolinguistic approach is based on specific data obtained through thorough research of each component of language ability. The article provides examples illustrating this assertion. Research into the process of children’s acquisition of the sound aspect of speech, grammar, vocabulary, and stylistics allows for the creation of optimal conditions for assisting children in mastering various components of language.

This article examines the Gospel precedent situation of the Wilderness Temptation when Christ is urged to perform a useless miracle. The material for this study is Fyodor Dostoevsky’s "Legend of the Grand Inquisitor" as well as the Gospel text containing this precedent situation. The study aims to identify and investigate the changes the writer made to the description of the aforementioned precedent situation and determine their functions. Method of linguostylistic analysis and comparative method in conjunction with elements of philological literary text analysis were used to examine the linguistic material. This article presents the first comparative analysis of the Gospel texts about the Wilderness Temptation when Jesus is urged to turn stone into bread and the corresponding passage in "The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor" by Fyodor Dostoevsky. By altering the Gospel account of Christ’s temptation, the author of "The Brothers Karamazov" strengthens the position of the Tempter and weakens that of Christ. Narrating this precedent situation and using words from the same word family, the classic refers to a verse from the Psalter. The precedent situation under analysis serves as a key to the subtext in the "Legend…".

S. V. Plakhutina’s works are of great interest in the context of studying contemporary lyric poetry. The novelty of this investigation is determined by the lack of monographic literature on S. V. Plakhutina’s lyrics. Moreover, the existing critical reviews and research articles do not comprehensively describe the specific spatiotemporal organisation of her poetry. The relevance is due to the growing interest in the "mirror" theme in modern philology, in partic ular in lyric poetry, and the insufficient analysis of S. V. Plakhutina’s texts from the above-mentioned perspective. The article aims to perform a philological analysis of the poems "We Peered into the Dim Glass..." and "The Sticky Resin of a January Night...". To achieve this goal, the study examines the semantic features and functions of the mirror and the looking-glass world in the spatiotemporal structure of the poems. The research methods utilised in this study included semiotic, compositional, and intertextual analysis. The article concludes that the looking-glass world in the texts under examination becomes a model of the past with which S. V. Plakhutina’s lyric persona actively interacts. The structure analysis of the literary text reveals an antithesis between the own and the alien, the past and the present, the real and the illusory. The spatiotemporal organisation of the looking-glass world in which the lyric persona’s double appears creates the major contrast with the time and space real for the main lyric subject.

This article describes the semantic features of the word kurator (English curator, tutor) and words with the ancient root cur- from the same family (kuratorstvo / English curatorship, kurirovat’ / English curate, supervise, kuratsiya / English curation, kurort / English resort, prokuror / English prosecutor) functioning in modern Russian. The materials included Russian language dictionaries (etymological, explanatory, terminological, as well as the publication "New in Russian Lexicon. Vocabulary Materials") dating back to different periods, the Russian National Corpus, official documents regulating pedagogical and educational activities, and so on. The changes currently taking place in the education sphere influence the vocabulary of the Russian language. This is due to the need to denote new phenomena in the educational process. Thus, both the emergence of new lexical units and the expansion of the meanings of lexem es already used in this thematic group are necessary. It is relevant to study words which function in modern written and spoken Russian but are not recorded in lexicographic sources. Such research enables one to determine the meanings of new naming units, describe the distinctive features of their combinability, and show their syntagmatic potential. The employed methods include continuous sampling of factual material, descriptive research, the statistical met hod, as well as structural-semantic and contextual analysis. The study identified 30 words with the ancient root cur-, examined their origins, analysed semantic changes, and established the areas of their functioning. The obtained results make it possible to determine the place of the relevant word kurator and other lexemes from the same word family related to educational vocabulary in the history of the language and, in particular, in modern Russian. The article emphasises the importance of describing the semantic history of these words, determining their etymology, and identifying units from the same word family for a more comprehensive understanding of the semantics of the lexemes actively used in mod ern Russian. The potential for studying the characteristics of the vocabulary whose significance and frequency increase over time is also noted. 

The subject matter of the paper is related to a topic relevant in historical and modern lexicology and lexicography of the Russian language, i. e., the controversial status of fixed prepositional-nominal constructions exhibiting the features of both words and phraseological units. The article examines the history of the fixed two-component combinations v devkakh (English not married (about a girl), v durakakh (English duped), v gostyakh (English at somebody else’s place), v lyudyakh (English for hire). The constructions are built on the same grammatical pattern "v + N₆ (anim, pl)" which refers the subject to a certain social, evaluative or role category. The material was extracted from various corpus and lexicographic sources. The analysis utilised descriptive and contextual methods, as well as phraseological modeling. We studied the status transformations of structurally identical prepositional-nominal constructions. The combinations v devkakh, v durakakh (an additional specific meaning associated with playing cards was formed in the history of this combination), as well as the historically polysemous construction v lyudyakh meaning ‘po naymu’/ English for hire (collocating with the verbs byt’ / English to be, zhit’ / English to live, rabotat’ / English to work) underwent phraseo logisation in the process of functioning. The analysis resulted in determining the factors contributing to the phraseo logisation of prepositional-nominal combinations formed according to the pattern "v + N₆ (anim, pl)". These are a significant semantic shift, expressiveness, predominant use in the predicative syntactic function, often with accompanying verbs or directly as part of verbal phraseological units, and possibly word-formation variability of the noun component. Combinations without metaphoric transfer used in the adverbial (in particular, locative) function were predisposed to lexicalisation. Moreover, it could be significant that there were combinations with the same noun and other prepositions in the language. The unit v gostyakh was adverbialised. However, the combination v lyudyakh with the semantics in society did not complete this process: it remained in an intermediate state and became obsolete. In modern Russian, the combinations na lyudyakh, prilyudno (English in public) have acquired this meaning. The research focuses on the functioning of single-structure fixed prepositional-nominal constructions in a broad diachronic perspective (from the first recording to their use in modern Russian). The analysis leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to interpret the changes in their history as a complex multi-stage process where different phases are reflected in the linguistic state of various periods.

This article focuses on the conflict between value paradigms in human consciousness and the reflection

of this conflict in language and the linguistic image of the world. The aim of the study is to identify the impact of language mechanisms on the perception and acceptance of cultural value systems. The article examines how cognitive mechanisms operate in the value system sphere in the modern Russian linguistic and cultural context. It is the situation when Russian axiology, on the one hand, seeks to remain traditional and resist the system of liberal values  imposed by the Western cultural paradigm. On the other hand, it cannot help but evolve within the framework of a rapidly changing modern civilisation. The article relied on an empirical investigation of the axiological system of culture and the method of its external transformation in conjunction with a psycholinguistic experiment (270 respondents, 2025). The experiment studies how young native speakers of Russian and bearers of Russian culture perceive the Russian system of traditional values  promoted by the state, and what attitude they have towards this system. The traditional Russian axiological paradigm was found to have been affected by significant external influences in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Nevertheless, the system transformation was incomplete. Thus, it is currently in a stabilisation phase; however, the final state has not been reached yet. The cognitive mechanisms of language contribute to both the preservation and deformation of the traditional value system, depending on the forces influencing these mechanisms and the direction in which they are activated. The cognitive mechanisms of language form ideas (including axiological ones) about the structure of the world, the rules and norms of social interaction, and the existing ways of human development and life in a native speaker’s consciousness. On the one hand, such mechanisms are capable of protecting the axiology existing in the culture from external influences and slowing down the changes occurring in a native speaker’s consciousness. On the other hand, however, the same mechanisms can also form, maintain, or transform the value paradigm of the consciousness internally, not depending on the will of a particular individual and his conscious decision.

This article comprehensively analyses the poetics and themes of B. K. Zaytsev’s "Tale of the Motherland" (1938) within the historico-literary and cultural-philosophical contexts. Zaytsev’s essay is examined in close connection with the key ideas of writers and publicists of the Russian diaspora who reflected on the issue of preserving national consciousness abroad. "The Tale of the Motherland" by B. K. Zaytsev was written in honour of the 950th anniversary of the baptism of Rus’, the anniversary of the Motherland’s birth in Vladimir’s font. The work continued the genre-rhetorical tradition of "The Tale of Igor’s Campaign" and "The Tale of the Destruction of the Rus’ Land". It addressed contemporaries who, while living in foreign lands, needed moral guidelines and spiritual constants associated with Russia. The article aims to identify the forms and methods of artistic presentation of national cultural identity in B. K. Zaytsev’s "Tale of the Motherland" at different levels of text generation, i. e., from paradigmatic to syntagmatic ones. To achieve the goal, structural-semantic, cognitive, typological, and cultural-historical research methods were used. As a result, Zaytsev’s model of the phenomenology of the Motherland was determined. It includes the conceptual formulas "Motherland is a sanctuary", "Motherland is a home", "Motherland is a mother". All these semantic patterns are linguistically expressed in Zaitsev’s essay. The main marker of national cultural identity in the text of "The Tale of the Motherland" is not only allusions and reminiscences, but also specific lexical units. These included, for instance, the possessive pronoun svoi (English one’s own) which is semantically close to the adjectives rodnoi (English native) and osobennyi (English special). Thus B. K. Zaitsev’s essay develops a semantic paradigm that comprises the oppositions mestnyi/russkii (English local/ Russian) and vselenskii/vseobshchii (English universal/general).

The article aims to identify the ways and possible reasons for changes in the meanings of words that were part of colloquial high-frequency vocabulary 200 years ago. The object of this study is the lexical meanings of words extracted from V. A. Lyovshin’s book "Russian Kitchen" (1816). The subject is the changes in the structure of (polysemous) lexemes which are studied using elements of componential, definitional, and frequency analysis. The theoretical reflection on the ways in which the semantic structure of a word changes leads to several conclusions. Firstly, the activation of previously peripheral meanings of a polysemous lexeme results in a change in the semantic structure of the word due to the reinterpretation of its original dominant connotation. Secondly, for unknown reasons, one of the meanings can become specialised, the scope of its use can narrow, and its semantic connection with the hypernym can be lost. It is also possible for a borrowed word to completely disappear while other cognate lexemes from the same word family are preserved in the language. Additionally, a different phonetic form can be used for a meaning existing in the language. Thirdly, a meaning formed through metaphoric and metonymic transfer may fall out of use and then undergo further specialisation. Another cause is semantic modification of naming models. Finally, a new meaning can emerge due to a change in the word functions.

This article explores V. V. Babaytseva’s theory of transitivity and the specific features of its reception, adaptation, and development in the Russian studies conducted in China. The research material includes scholarly articles, monographs, and dissertations published in China from the mid-20th century to the present selected from the National Scientific Database of China and the Dissertation Collection of Peking University. The paper traces the main stages in the development of the theory of transitivity, i. e., from early empirical observations of borderline grammatical phenomena to its systematic application within the framework of state scientific projects and academic research. It is shown that in the Russian studies in China, the theory of transitivity functions as a productive methodological tool for analysing word-formation, morphological, and syntactic structures with an intermediate categorical status. Particular attention is given to the use of the transitivity scale when describing syncretic units and phenomena that cannot be unambiguously classified within the framework of traditional binary models. Moreover, the article separately examines the applied and didactic potential of the theory of transitivity in teaching Russian as a foreign language. It is emphasised that employing the transition zones of the grammatical system contributes to the development of a more flexible and systematic understanding of Russian grammar in students. The practice of conducting Russian studies in China indicates the conceptual maturity of the transitivity theory and confirms its continuing relevance for modern linguistics.

The article aims to analyse the philological legacy of the outstanding Russian Slavist A. M. Selishchev (1886– 1942) from the perspective of the ethno-sociological ideas in linguistics which were relevant in the 1910s–1920s. Another goal is to show the scientist’s contribution to the development of a new field of humanities knowledge during the period of transformation of scientific paradigms. The article emphasises that the early 20th century marked a turning point in the formation of linguistic traditions. The research focus shifted from comparative studies towards the synchronic approach to the study of linguistic phenomena (I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay – F. de Saussure). After the revolution this trend grew stronger. Extralinguistic factors contributed to increasing scholarly interest in sociolinguistic issues. New methods and approaches to linguistic fact analysis were developed (S. I. Kartsevsky, Ye. D. Polivanov, A. M. Selishchev), and non-codified speech was studied (A. G. Gornfeld, S. I. Ozhegov, B. A. Larin, A. M. Selishchev). The paper examines the scholar’s early works on Slavonic studies, revealing his interest in political linguistics and the issues of language and culture mixing. The second major focus is the analytical review of the achievements of A. M. Selishchev’s Siberian "expedition" undertaken in search of linguistic exotica. His books "The Transbaikal Old Believers: The Semeiskie" (1920) and "A Dialectological Sketch of Siberia" (1921) are interpreted in the context of ethno-sociolinguistic issues. The article also discusses A. M. Selishchev’s ideas about Chuvash-Russian bilingualism and his observations of the formation of a new cultural tradition in the post-revolutionary period. The outstanding linguistic personality of A. M. Selishchev as a sociolinguist-chronicler is characterised. The article utilises biographical, descriptive, source critical, sociolinguistic, comparative, textual criticism and cultural-historical methods. Conclusions are drawn about the importance of A. M. Selishchev’s initial steps in the sociological study of language for understanding relevant communicative processes in speech practice. It is noted that in the early 1920s, he began writing his major sociolinguistic work "The Language of the Revolutionary Era: From Observations of the Russian Language in Recent Years (1917–1926) ", which marked a new stage in his research work.