The paper presents the main approaches to formulating planned learning outcomes in the Russian language for the "Planned Results" service of Moscow Electronic School. The research considers the principles of setting a SMART goal and the requirements for learning outcomes in this subject. These requirements are reflected in the new Federal state educational standards for basic general education. The ultimate aim of the study was to create a tool that can not only make the processes of goal setting and assessment of learners’ achievements more meaningful, but also draw teachers’ attention to the potential of research methods for teaching Russian. Based on the taxonomy of planned learning outcomes (reproductive, productive, and reflective) adopted in Moscow Electronic School, we suggest a classification of reflective type outcomes identified according to the nature of the activity. These are the groups united by the concepts of "systematization", "research", "creativity"). Additionally, the paper describes a possible logic of material presentation depending on the methods chosen by the teacher and the results whose achievement should become the result of studying particular content elements. We pay particular attention to the issues of developing and employing the activity-based approach to learning. This is manifested in our attempt to shift the focus from assessing the final result to assessing the process of completing the task. Drawing on the studies undertaken by V. V. Davydov, I. Ya. Lerner and their followers, we emphasize the importance of describing learning outcomes through naming the activity students perform in the classroom. This position is based on two fundamental principles of work, namely the unity of subject and meta-subject learning outcomes and the reliance on the activity-based approach. At the same time, the paper also highlights the importance of observing the principle of differentiation between teacher and student wording of the task. The approach indicates an understanding of goal setting and assessment as a common purpose of the student and the teacher.

The paper is relevant as it highlights the problem of changing approaches to designing homework in the Russian language assigned in middle school. The research considers the modern requirements for teaching fixed in the legal documents that are in force in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to show the directions of Russian homework updating in middle school. Such changes can improve the quality of studying Russian and the level of schoolchildren’s educational motivation. The research employed scientific and methodological literature analysis, a survey of the parties involved in the education relations, and an interview with them. Additionally, the study relied on monitoring how homework was organised by Russian language teachers and completed by students, examining homework results, and analysing pedagogical documentation in conjunction with self-reflection on my own pedagogical activity. The study resulted in identifying five main areas for updating learners’ homework in Russian. These include changing the goal setting of homework, approaches to selecting its content, promoting the individualisation and differentiation of both homework in general and homework assignments in its composition, changing the wording of homework and approaches to checking it. The paper concludes that homework is the most important teaching method that improves the quality of schoolchildren’s mastering the Russian language. In addition, the study highlights teachers’ crucial role in homework design, implementation, and support.

The first part of the paper outlines the process of studying the pronominal semantic function of substitution. It is expressed in the contextual-situational concretisation of the meanings of the nominal parts of speech. In the process of partially-research and independent work, students examine sentences where the contextual connections between pronouns and nominal parts of speech are either established correctly or are violated. In the course of this activity, schoolchildren develop their ability to recognise, analyse, and classify pronouns as well as evaluate their usage from the standpoint of normativity. Theoretical material is presented with the help of algorithms which teach schoolchildren to prevent speech errors.

The difference between children’s and adults’ speech consists in unusual lexemes or forms of familiar words as well as non-standard meanings of common words occurring in the former. The term error is not appropriate for such cases since these are legitimate elements of the child’s emerging language system. Despite their uniqueness, they do not hinder children’s communication with grown-ups. These units violating the linguistic norm are called innovations. The analysis of children’s innovations enables linguists to explore the nature of language rules and their hierarchical structure as well as to identify accidental gaps (or lacunae) in the language. The article presents a typology of children’s speech innovations from the standpoint of the language norm.

The paper presents a holistic view of the main literary critical articles written by A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky, the most influential representative of Russian Romanticism. The aim is to identify the main trajectories of the linguistic and stylistic influence of Bestuzhev’s critiques on the further fate of this genre of Russian opinion journalism. The research focused on the critic’s observations about the development of Russian literature and language as well as the writer’s individual style. The study employed integrating and comparative methods in conjunction with linguo-stylistic text analysis. Bestuzhev understood romanticism as a course of progressive development and improvement of literature and language. Consequently, he devoted much attention to the analysis of the previous experience of world and Russian literature. The paper examines the most interesting observations made by the writer and the contribution of Bestuzhev the theorist to understanding Russian literature evolution. The development paths included democratising the literary language, enriching it with means of different layers of live speech, defining the requirement for literary historicism, i. e. the congruence between the language of an artwork and the language of the era of the depicted events. The linguistic and stylistic devices used in Bestuzhev’s critical texts were identified. These include the use of a vast repertoire of lexical units, elaborate metaphors, a variety of similes and parallel constructions, rhythmical and emotionally charged syntactic constructions. The paper also examines the specific features of Bestuzhev-Marlinsky’s occasional word formation and the devices of irony and a language game he used. In addition, the research explored the writer’s preference for aphoristic language and his attempts to overcome the established language standards with respect to archaic vocabulary (poeticisms) and borrowings.

1. K. Arsenyev’s writings have repeatedly become the object of ethnographic and literary studies. However, the linguistic aspect of the writer’s works often remained outside the scope of serious in-depth research. Much attention in the literature concerning V. K. Arsenyev’s writings was directed to the characterisation of the flora and fauna of the taiga. At the same time, the scientific aspect of V. K. Arsenyev’s works was especially emphasized. There exists detailed research of Dersu Uzala’s (a Goldi-guide) vivid image. The paper aims to analyse the linguistic means employed to create the harmonious natural world in V. K. Arsenyev’s travel novel "Across the Ussuri Krai". The study used linguo-stylistic and integrating methods as well as the method of contextual-semantic analysis which takes into account distant connections in the text and reveals the content-semantic load of its components. Additionally, componential analysis of the usual and contextual tropes was employed. The paper describes the devices of depicting the harmonious life of the taiga brotherhood. The comparison between the world of people and the world of nature resulted in the conclusion that civilisation influenced the flora and fauna of the Ussuri Krai destructively. Moreover, the paper argues that the lack of harmony in the people’s world ruins the wild realm of nature.

The relevance of the topic is determined by three factors. Firstly, Grin’s texts are regularly offered as examination material for the Basic State Exam and the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. Secondly, the "Scarlet Sails" feerie studied in secondary school is often interpreted loosely and broadly due to a superficial analysis of the language and the composition of the work. Finally, the need to teach schoolchildren not just to determine the linguistic and literary properties of a text, but to comprehend the content of an artwork holistically is consistently becoming more and more urgent. I rely on the general philological principle according to which any aspect of the analysis of the subject matter of a text is associated with understanding the meaning of this text in its entirety. The research used the methods of contextual analysis of the semantics and of comparative analysis of language structures, the statistical method, the intertextual method, motif analysis and others. In the course of the study, it has been found that the theme game and its aspects belong to the content core of the work and interact with the themes of childhood, miracle, creativity, faith, and others. The diametrically opposed evaluative connotations of the concept "Toy" are directly related to the problems addressed in the novella and the writer՚s position. The text makes extensive use of the derivational nest with the top "game". Moreover, the most frequent lexeme is the noun "toy" (17 cases out of the 38 uses of the root -game-). The elaboration of the thematic field is achieved through the multiple paradigmatic and syntagmatic connections of the thematic keywords. The concept of a game performs a structure-forming function in the system of characters and concerns not only the protagonists, but also the supporting characters. The theme of the game is further developed in the plot. It is figuratively embodied in the details that form the artistic world of the text.

The paper explores the metaphors and similes in modern literary text. The material for the study was V. O. Pelevin’s novel "The Invincible Sun" (2020). The paper aims to analyse the comparison tropes of the novel (mostly extended metaphors) with the semantics of the search for the meaning of life. Another goal is to identify the source domain of the metaphors which are often determined by experience and a person’s socio-cultural environment. As comparison tropes in V. O. Pelevin’s works are under-investigated, the study appears novel. The main method is linguo-stylistic, lexico-semantic, and contextual analysis. The research has revealed that the idea of the world as a simulation is interpreted through gadgets and devices creating virtual reality. It has been shown that the person himself, his inner and outer microcosms seem unreal and are represented by virtual gadgets and their components as well as computer-like processes (transfer and erasure of information, reformatting, and so on). The spiritual world of a person is interpreted through associations and comparisons with Internet channels. The Otherworld, its creator and gods are embodied with the help of the "Invincible Sun" projector. Everything material, or "earthly", is an illusion and a simulation. The paper states that a person’s search for their path, their role and actions are materialised by artefactual metaphors, and a person’s place is defined as a thread in a pattern on the fabric of the world. The study concludes that such a twofold world view and such a location of a person in the world are typical of V. O. Pelevin and his idiostyle, i. e. they convey the dominant idea of his works.

Studying various aspects of idiomaticity manifestation is of great importance not only for word formation, but also for lexicology and grammar since this problem is common for different linguistic levels. Consequently, the research is relevant. Based on the analysis of nouns derived from substantives with the suffix -nik-, the paper aims to provide a systematic description of semantic idiomaticity. Research methods included observation, structural-semantic, and comparative analysis. The following sources of idiomaticity in a derivative were considered: an additional semantic component in the lexical meaning of nouns, the invariant derivational formant, the semantics of the motivating stems. The paper describes the nature of the idiomatic meaning extension, its scope and function in nouns. It is concluded that the idiomatic nature of derivatives is associated with the presence of an implicit (i. e. not explicitly expressed) component in the semantics of the word. Idiomaticity is also connected with the unmotivated incompleteness of the reflection of the word-building formant semantics and with the unmotivated incompleteness of the reflection of the derivational base semantics.

. The paper aims to identify the specific features of the interaction of natural language (Russian) elements and an artificial language (emoji) in a polycode literary text. Such texts are one of topical objects of analysis in communication studies, text linguistics, linguistic pragmatics, the theory of speech genres, and others. The fragments of poems by A. S. Pushkin and B. L. Pasternak published on the website of the "Arzamas" educational project are described. The structure of the fragments and the role of emoji signs in the formation of a polycode text as an important element of mnemonic technology are characterised. In the course of the study, the conclusion about the activity of models of parallel, complementary, as well as substitutive syntax is made whose functioning is also common in the areas of media and advertising Internet communication.