Syntax of the «Poet of Thought» (To the 220th Anniversary of the Birth of Evgeny Baratynsky)

E. A. Baratynsky’ influence on the 20th-century Russian philosophical lyrics is undeniable. The syntax used by the «poet of thought» demonstrates a tendency towards complication and archaization over time, which generally contradicts the aspirations for the democratization of the poetic syntax that emerged in the Karamzin era. The complexity of the syntactic structure in the poet’s search for a «metaphysical» language is achieved not by increasing the number of complex structures, which make up half of the sentences used by Baratynsky, but rather by saturating sentences with various kinds of clauses (participial, adverbial participial, adjective, noun, adverbial, infinitive) that complicate the model by conjunctive syntagms (prepositional-nominal, comparative, conjunctive), parentheses, vocatives, segments of the «nominative of the theme» type. In an effort to preserve the continuity of poetic traditions for a thoughtful, attentive reader, Baratynsky resorts to archaizing the syllable at the lexical and grammatical levels and, in particular, to using absolute clauses. Complex constructions often accompany iambic trimeter, trisyllabic metres, variable-foot verses consisting of longer and shorter lines characterised by changing the order of stress. Sentences with cumbersome isolated clauses are typical for iambic and dactylic hexameter, metres with a connotation of «high» genres. A more complex syntactic structure is observed in polymetric and variable food poems. The added complexity of syntax in long-sized verses is achieved not by increasing the number of parts of complex structures, but rather by adding clauses and homogeneous parts of the sentence. Large stanza forms are frequently divided into several simple sentences of two or three lines in length. The tradition of poetic rhythm requires a coincidence of the boundaries of quatrain and sentences – their symmetry; therefore, in quatrains, similar to couplets, the occurrence of complex and compound structures is much higher. Free stanza or the lack of stanza division additionally complicates the syntax.

1. Almi I. M. On some features of the style of late lyrics E. A. Baratynsky. In Uchenye zapiski Vladimirskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo instituta [Scientific notes of the Vladimir State Pedagogical Institute]. Vladimir, 1972, vol. 41, pp. 25–44. (In Rus.)

2. Baratynsky E. A. Poems. Poems. Prose. Letters. Moscow, 1951. (In Rus.)

3. Baratynsky E. A. Complete collection of poems. Leningrad, 1989. (In Rus.)

4. Bocharov S. G. «Obrechen bor’be verkhovnoi» (liricheskii mir Baratynskogo). In: Bocharov S. G. About the art worlds. Moscow, 1985, pp. 69-123. (In Rus.)

5. Ginzburg L. Oh the lyrics. 2nd ed. Leningrad, 1974. (In Rus.)

6. Darvin M. N. Russian lyric cycle: problems of history and theory (based on the poetry of the first half of the 19th century). Krasnoyarsk, 1988. (In Rus.)

7. Zhivov V. M. History of the language of Russian writing: in 2 vol. Moscow, 2017, vol.1. (In Rus.)

8. Ivask Yu. Baratynsky. New Review. New York, 1957, pp. 135–156. (In Rus.)

9. Kovtunova I. I. Poetic speech as a form of communication. In Voprosy yazykoznaniya [Questions of linguistics]. 1986, No 1, pp. 3–13. (In Rus.)

10. Kozhevnikova Kv. Formation of the content and syntax of a literary text. In Sintaksis i stilistika: sbornik statei [Syntax and style: collection of books]. Moscow, 1986, pp. 301–315. (In Rus.)

11. Kozhinov V. V. How do poems write: about the laws of poetic creativity. Moscow, 1970. (In Rus.)

12. Kozhinov V. V. A book on Russian lyric poetry of the 19th century: the development of style and genre. Moscow, 1978. (In Rus.)

13. Maimin E. A. Russian philosophical poetry: poets of any wisdom. A. S. Pushkin. F. I. Tyutchev. Moscow, 1976. (In Rus.)

14. Patroeva N. V. Poetic syntax: category of complications. Petrozavodsk, 2002. (In Rus.)

15. Patroeva N. V. Syntactic poetic dictionary: theoretical and methodological foundations of the lexicographic project. In Slavyanskaya istoricheskaya leksikologiya i leksikografiya [Slavic historical lexicology and lexicography]. Saint-Petersburg, 2018а, issue 1, pp. 122–131. (In Rus.)

16. Patroeva N. V. The syntactic dictionary of Russian poetry from Kantemir to Lermontov: theoretical and methodological problems of creation and some results. In Sovremennye problemy avtorskoi leksikografii [Modern problems of author’s lexicography]. Moscow, 2018b, pp. 57–64. (In Rus.)

17. Patroeva N. V. The syntactic dictionary of Russian poetry of the XVIII century: in 4 vol. Saint-Petersburg, 2017, vol. 1: Cantemir, Trediakovsky. (In Rus.)

18. Toibin I. M. E. A. Baratynsky. In Istoriya russkoi poezii [History of Russian poetry: in 2 vol.] Leningrad, 1968, vol. 1. (In Rus.)

19. Tomashevsky B. V. Verse and language. Moscow, 1959. (In Rus.)

20. Fedorov A. I. Language and style of E. A. Baratynsky. In Voprosy yazyka i literatury: sbornik statei [Questions of language and literature: collection articles]. Novosibirsk, 1966, pp. 3–26. (In Rus.)

21. Fomenko I. V. On the poetics of the lyrical cycle. Kalinin, 1984. (In Rus.)

22. Khetso G. E. A. Baratynskii: Life and creation. Oslo; Bergen, 1973.

23. Yakobson R. O. Structuralism: «for» and «against»: digest of articles. Moscow, 1975, pp. 193–230. (In Rus.)

24. Nilsson N. Baratynskij’s еlegiac сode. In Russian Romanticism: Studies in the Poetic Codes. Stockholm, 1979, pp. 144–166. (In Rus.)