The Adverb Necessarily (Obyazatelno) in a Whirlwind of the Russian Language

Abstract

The purpose of the article is to present the history of adverbs as the synonym dominant in the meaning of obligatory. The methods of study are descriptive, comparative-historical methods as well as the method of lexical semantic reconstruction. In the Russian language the adverb necessarily is a lexical word-building calque, which was translated appeared in the XVIII century from the French obligeament or Germ. unverbindlich. It had the meaning 'affectionately, politely, courteously'. From the 1830-1840s, the adverb necessarily started began to be used in the changed meaning of 'certainly, unconditionally' in those genres and styles (law, office work, military science, science), which had the German influence. Both meanings were used as lexical homonyms, belonging to different semantic groups of synonyms. By the 1950s, the adverb necessarily finally took the place of the dominant in the group of synonyms with the meaning of necessity.